Las órdenes militares dispusieron desde su fundación de mano de obra esclava en sus tierras, pero la institución que mejor sirve para estudiar la esclavitud en los siglos XII y XIII en los reinos de León y Castilla son los hospitales para la redención de cautivos de la Orden de Santiago. Estas instituciones disponían de espacio para alojar a los cautivos mientras se negociaban rescates con los poderes islámicos, y atendían a la redistribución de aquellos musulmanes que, por no haber (...) sido redimidos, pasaban a ser esclavos de la propia orden o a ser vendidos en los mercados de los reinos cristianos. Los escasos documentos de la sección de Órdenes Militares del Archivo Histórico Nacional dedicados a esclavos ayudan a comprender el funcionamiento del tráfico, trabajo y liberación de este colectivo. (shrink)

Este artículo trata de estudiar la evolución de la figura del alcalde mayor de las aljamas de Castilla a partir de la institución del cadiazgo de la comunidad islámica, modificada por el paso del tiempo y la intervención de las autoridades cristianas. Para ello se analizan las familias que desempeñaron este oficio en Castilla, todos ellos pertenecientes a la élite político-militar, comercial y jurídica de las aljamas mudéjares. La institución de la alcaldía mayor de las aljamas del reino, estudiada como (...) algo excepcional por Torres Fontes, no lo es tanto, y encaja perfectamente en la estructura organizativa de las aljamas y en las luchas internas por el poder que se gestan en ellas. A partir de ahí nos concentramos en el estudio de los elementos de continuidad y ruptura que se manifiestan e la institución de la alcaldía mayor de los moros respecto al cadiazgo islámico. (shrink)

Background The birth plan is a tool that allows the self-learning and thoughtful analysis of the women during the birthing process, facilitating their making of decisions and participation, in agreement with the bioethical principles of autonomy and no malfeasance. Goal: To understand the perception and satisfaction of women who presented a birth plan. Methodology: Qualitative, descriptive, observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study. The population of the study was composed of 21 women who presented a birth plan regulated in a Hospital ever (...) since the recording of the presentation of the birth plan was started until 2015. Place: Cartagena. Techniques/methods: Semistructured interview. Results-Discussion: Most women considered the plan as a useful self-learning tool on the meaning of the birthing process, as it favored the communication between the expectant mothers/health professionals. Our informants sought information related to the birthing process from informal sources; most perceived a level of respect of their wishes during the process of giving birth. The use of the birth plan did not imply the perception of loss of the degree of control during the birth, although attention to the written document could be improved. Conclusions The use of the birth plan is a very satisfactory and useful experience for their involvement in their self-care, although in some cases, the births did not proceed according to their plans. Nevertheless, the prevalence of the principle of Non-Malfeasance over Autonomy was evidenced. (shrink)

Arguments for a just transition are integral to debates about climate change and the drive to create a carbon-neutral economy. There are currently two broad approaches rooted in ethics and justice for framing just energy transitions. The first can be described as internal to the transition and emphasizes the anticipation, assessment, and redressing of harms created by the transition itself and the inclusion in transition governance of groups or communities potentially harmed by its disruptions. In this article, we propose a (...) second approach to ethics and justice in an energy transition, which we describe as systemic or societal in scope. This approach complements attention to the proximate dynamics and impacts of the transition process with a focus on the distant societal and economic outcomes the transition brings into being and how they compare to conditions prior to the transition. It poses the question: do the transformative social, economic, and technological changes wrought by energy systems create more just societies and economies, or do they instead reinforce or recreate long-standing injustices and inequalities? We illustrate this approach with an assessment of one of the most significant existing forms of energy injustice: the energy-poverty nexus. We argue that the energy-poverty nexus reflects configurations of socio-energy systems that create complex, extractive feedbacks between energy insecurity and economic insecurity and, over time, reinforce or exacerbate poverty. We further argue that just energy transitions should work to disentangle these configurations and re-design them so as to create generative rather than extractive feedbacks, thus ending the energy-poverty nexus and creating long-term outcomes that are more just, equitable, and fair. (shrink)

En la Universidad Médica “Carlos J. Finlay”, se realiza una intervención educativa con el objetivo de valorar la concepción y aplicación de un programa para un curso de preparación de metodólogos en correspondencia con sus funciones en condiciones de universalización de las Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey, en el periodo de septiembre de 2005 a junio de 2007. Se emplean diferentes métodos investigativos: los teóricos, así como la técnica de discusión grupal, permitió diseñar el programa del curso para la preparación de (...) metodólogos en condiciones de universalización y los empíricos, la obtención de algunos datos de interés acerca de los metodólogos que reciben el curso y sus valoraciones en relación con el mismo. Se constata que la preparación pedagógica y experiencia en el desempeño es insuficiente para asumir el rol de metodólogo y valoran de muy importantes los contenidos desarrollados, los métodos y formas organizativas concebidas, por lo que se concluye que el programa del curso cumple con las expectativas del metodólogo al estar diseñado teniendo en cuenta las funciones que estos desempeñan y sus necesidades sentidas A study was carried out about the intervention in education developed to increase teacher's methodological preparation under their new functions due to the fresh conditions of learning within the community applied to medicine training and education in Camagüey. It was carried out in the period of September 2005 to June 2007. Different research methods were used: the theoretical ones and the technique for group discussion help to design the course syllabus and the assessment for those teachers that received the course. It was verified that the methodological preparation and performance experience are insufficient to play their role; but they value as very important the contents, the methods and the organization of the course. The authors conclude that the course meets the expectations of training, because it was designed keeping in mind the teachers' functions and their necessities. (shrink)

La Filosofía del Derecho contemporánea plantea retos importantes, que según Carla Faralli se sistematizan en dos. Por una parte, la apertura a los hechos; y por otra a los valores políticos y éticos. La tradicional conversación del iusnaturalismo con positivismo y el realismo jurídico parece haber sido superada, especialmente después de la obra de Hart. Y en este periodo, lo cierto es que las consecuencias del realismo jurídico han derivado en modos de proponer el concepto, aplicación e interpretación del Derecho, (...) mas ajustados con la realidad. En este sentido, la apertura a la economía, protagonizada por el análisis económico del Derecho; la critica abierta al análisis económico llevada a cabo por el movimiento Critical legal Studies; y las argumentaciones de Derecho y Literatura ofrecen alternativas importantes, que se analizan en este articulo. (shrink)

Las grandes cuestiones de la metafísica se han tratado con un renovado impulso y orientaciones filosóficas originales en los últimos 50 años; entre estas grandes cuestiones está el problema de Dios, la libertad del hombre y el mal. Esta renovación de la teología filosófica ha cobrado particular protagonismo dentro de la tradición analítica: en círculos académicos internacionales son cada vez más frecuentes las discusiones sobre los atributos divinos y su relación con distintos aspectos de la existencia humana. En este libro (...) se recogen estudios sobre algunas de estas cuestiones, con la intención de presentar algunos de estos planteamientos novedosos al público académico de habla hispana. En concreto los temas que se tratan son tan variados como el origen y los fundamentos teóricos de la teología filosófica analítica, la eternidad y la presciencia de Dios en relación con la libertad humana, la providencia divina, el determinismo teológico, el problema del mal, la acción divina en la naturaleza, etc. Esperamos que este conjunto de ensayos sean la ocasión para fomentar la discusión en torno a estos temas y abrir nuevas perspectivas en el ámbito de la metafísica y la filosofía de la religión. (shrink)

Este artículo describe los cambios experimentados por la filosofía de la ciencia durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Parte del positivismo lógico y comenta el giro naturalista, el giro historicista, el giro cognitivo y la concepción CTS de la ciencia y la tecnología. Se afirma que una filosofía del conocimiento científico no es suficiente para analizar y reconstruir la tecnociencia contemporánea, que difiere en muchos aspectos de la ciencia moderna. Como conclusión, se propone una filosofía de la práctica científica (...) y tecnocientífica, que vincule estrechamente la filosofía de la ciencia y de la tecnología. (shrink)

La participación masiva de los jóvenes respecto a los sucesos políticos estuvo aquietada por muchos años; sin embargo, con el posicionamiento de las comunicaciones a nivel global, la generación millennial se va involucrando cada vez más. Es así que en el marco de la democracia representativa de develar una participación cada vez más activa, ahora los jóvenes comunican su sentir y su postura, mostrando su conformidad o disconformidad con las decisiones y acontecimientos políticos. Partiendo de esta premisa, y con un (...) enfoque mixto, se aplicó un cuestionario de 16 preguntas a 3474 millennials, estudiantes de institutos superiores y tecnológicos ubicados en Lima; además, se realizó un análisis de las declaraciones de académicos y jefes de Estado, así como de casos internacionales donde se destaca la participación de esta generación, como aconteció en la Primavera Árabe y en otros sucesos ocurridos en Sudamérica, para vislumbrar las brechas que se abren en la estructura política del Perú. (shrink)

Se realizó un trabajo de educación en valores humanos con métodos participativos en estudiantes del nuevo modelo formativo de Enfermería de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey en la Filial de Nuevitas, para la ejecución de la tarea se capacitó a profesores y tutores, objetivo por el cual se diseñó la estrategia educativa. Se enunciaron las dificultades del objeto de investigación, resultado del diagnóstico aplicado, se confirmó la ausencia de estrategia educativa en el uso de métodos participativos con tal (...) fin, y la necesidad del diseño. Se utilizaron las etapas dirigidas a la capacitación, la sensibilización, la planificación, la valoración y el control de la ejecución del sistema de acciones con el colectivo pedagógico para el perfeccionamiento de la educación en valores con estos métodos. A teaching work based on human values with the implementation of participatory methods was carried out for Nursing students of the new training model at the seat of the Medical University of Camagüey in Nuevitas. Tutors and professors were trained to put this task into practice, reason why the teaching strategy was designed. The difficulties of the research object as a result of the applied diagnosis were set out. The lack of a teaching strategy in the use of participatory methods for this purpose, and the need of the design were stated. Stages aimed at training, awareness-raising, planning, assessment and control of the system of actions implementation with the pedagogical team in order to improve values education with these methods, were used. (shrink)

Desde la perspectiva de la «sociología del espacio» el estudio explora las conexiones que se dan entre los factores ideológicos, los siste­mas de organización clínica y las evoluciones arquitectónicas, y sus re­percusiones en clave de humanización asistencial. Para ello se ha realizado una investigación etnográfica de veinticuatro meses de duración en seis paritorios del servicio estatal de salud de una re­gión del sur de España. La técnica de investigación fue la observa­ción participante, acumulando un total de trescientas veinticuatro horas de (...) análisis. Los resultados muestran cómo las disposiciones arquitectónicas están íntimamente ligadas a los paradigmas y cul­turas obstétricas preexistentes, tendiendo desde las perspectivas tecnocráticas, en clave orgánica, a una fragmentación del espacio asistencial que deshumaniza el proceso, y desde las cosmovisio­nes holístico-humanísticas, en clave de continuum, a una reinte­gración espacio-asistencial que contribuye a la humanización. (shrink)

Understanding Information and Communication Technologies through the networks in which people get con¬nected, communicate and co-operate has been a constant feature in the work of researchers who have not dissociated their view of the meaning of technologies from new social movements. This paper maintains that Information and Communication Technologies are not only networks that people join individually, but they also act as social technologies. Their improvement depends both on the diversity of their functions (social, political, cognitive, etc.) and the flexibility (...) with which they adapt to functional diversity (for example, to life cycles, changing and fluctuating mobility or audiovisual perception thresholds). This idea is supported by the new technological challenge represented by portable devices, such as, personal area networks, high-use user interfaces, and systems designed for home care. These important changes will be explored in this paper in connection with their value for education. (shrink)

Study of the some aspects of the imaginary Jesuit and of the images that built on California. The "ignacianos" elaborated a model based on the concentric fields' Dante, where God appeared in the bright Heaven and a cruel demon in the dark Hell, such as can be still perceived in the paintings of the Californian churches and the descriptions offered by Jesuits. Here we study the proposals of the parents Juan Mª Salvatierra, Segismundo Taraval, Michael Vanegas, Andrés Burriel, Juan Jacobo (...) Baegert, Miguel del Barco, Francisco Javier Alegre Francisco Javier Clavijero, Francisco Ma Píccolo, and Francisco Javier Carranza. It is concluded with a paragraph of Echevarría, which contends that the idea of the Jesuits was "that people lives mostly in the border, near the edge between the earthly and the celestial". (shrink)

El presente trabajo utiliza la noción de archivo, propuesta por Roberto González Echevarría, a partir del problema de la constitución de un catálogo editorial en Dublinesca de Enrique Vila-Matas. Este último, acto de resistencia al fin de la imprenta y el comienzo de la digitalización literaria. De esta manera reparamos sobre la construcción del personaje, su función como editor y las relaciones que dicho trabajo establece con el archivo y la tradición en el contexto de la denominada Sociedad de Riesgo. (...) De este modo lograremos percibir cómo el viejo editor deviene aquello con lo cual trabaja y que se ha vuelto una obsesión: deviene archivo. (shrink)

A revision of George Kennedy's translation of, introdution to, and commentary on Aristotle's On Rhetoric. His translation is most accurate, his general introduction is the most thorough and insightful, and his brief introductions to sections of the work, along with his explanatory footnotes, are the most useful available.

Ethical, Religious and Legal Arguments in the Current Debate over Euthanasia in Spain In the last ten years, there have been several cases in Spain (Ramón Sampedro, Leganés, Jorge León that have led to an intense social debate on euthanasia. The recent case of Inmaculada Echevarría, a woman suffering from a serious disease that kept her immobilized in bed, has revived the debate on euthanasia in Spain. On 18 October 2006 she held a press conference and publicly asked to be (...) disconnected from the ventilator that kept her alive. After a long ethical, religious, legal, and social debate, the patient was disconnected on 14 March 2007 after being adequately sedated. As a consequence, the patient died. In our paper we defend the need for a radical and intercultural democracy and present the main ethical, religious and legal arguments on euthanasia that are being posed in Spain and in Europe as a debate that should help to build a radical and intercultural democracy at a European level. (shrink)

Recent research on algebraic models of _quasi-Nelson logic_ has brought new attention to a number of classes of algebras which result from enriching (subreducts of) Heyting algebras with a special modal operator, known in the literature as a _nucleus_. Among these various algebraic structures, for which we employ the umbrella term _intuitionistic modal algebras_, some have been studied since at least the 1970s, usually within the framework of topology and sheaf theory. Others may seem more exotic, for their primitive operations (...) arise from algebraic terms of the intuitionistic modal language which have not been previously considered. We shall for instance investigate the variety of _weak implicative semilattices_, whose members are (non-necessarily distributive) meet semilattices endowed with a nucleus and an implication operation which is not a relative pseudo-complement but satisfies the postulates of Celani and Jansana’s strict implication. For each of these new classes of algebras we establish a representation and a topological duality which generalize the known ones for Heyting algebras enriched with a nucleus. (shrink)

Transcript of speeches by a Hindu philosopher, chiefly on Hindu philosophy and Hinduism.

Classical text on Nyaya and Vaiśeṣika philosophy; with Āloka Sanskrit commentary.

Classical work on Vedanta; includes Bhāṣyaratnaprabhā of Govindānanda and Śārīrakamīmāṃsābhāṣya of Śaṅkarācārya.

Classical work on Vedanta by Bādarāyaṇa; includes Śārīraka vijñānam bhāṣya of Śrī Madhusūdana Ojhā.

Purpose. The article is aimed to substantiate the view on the phenomenon of laughter as a subject of semiotic analysis, which leads to the following tasks: to reveal the possibilities of semiotics application in the study of laughter nature; to analyze the phenomenon of laughter as a cultural and natural phenomenon, as a sign and as an attribute; to consider the place of laughter in culture, which is understood as a sign system. Theoretical basis. The semiotic approach proceeds from the (...) fact that human lives in the world of signs, all the surrounding reality can be interpreted as a sign system. The basic concept of semiotics is the concept of a sign. The theoretical basis of the article is understanding the culture as a sign-symbolic system. Laughter is considered as a phenomenon ontologically rooted in human culture. At the same time, laughter is on the edge of culture. The research is based on the work of semiotic authors, cultural researchers, and the researchers of laughter. Originality. The originality lies in the application of the semiotic method to the research of laughter phenomenon, consideration of the dialectics of natural and cultural, signedness and non-signedness, manifested in the phenomenon of laughter. Conclusions. Laughter is considered as a psychophysiological phenomenon and as a cultural phenomenon. Laughter acts as an emotional manifestation, a physiological reaction, but socially and culturally mediated. In any case, laughter indicates an emotional or cognitive state of a human. Laughter acts as a process and result of the interpretation of a sign, a reaction to a sign. Laughter is a form and a means of communication. Being a natural phenomenon, in the process of social evolution, laughter acquires signedness, is integrated by culture as a sign system, and, at the same time, maintains a connection with nature. Thus, laughter occupies an ambivalent position between nature and culture. In the phenomenon of laughter, the dual state of human is revealed. In laughter, boundaries are blurred, the unity and opposition of natural and cultural, biological and social, soul and body, thought and feeling, sign and attribute are manifested. (shrink)

We are immersed within an odorous sea of chemical currents that we parse into individual odors with complex structures. Odors have been posited as determined by the structural relation between the molecules that compose the chemical compounds and their interactions with the receptor site. But, naturally occurring smells are parsed from gaseous odor plumes. To give a comprehensive account of the nature of odors the chemosciences must account for these large distributed entities as well. We offer a focused review of (...) what is known about the perception of odor plumes for olfactory navigation and tracking, which we then connect to what is known about the role odorants play as properties of the plume in determining odor identity with respect to odor quality. We end by motivating our central claim that more research needs to be conducted on the role that odorants play within the odor plume in determining odor identity. (shrink)

Eco-labels emphasize information disclosure as a tool to induce environmentally friendly behaviors by both firms and consumers. The goal of eco-labels is to reduce information asymmetry between producers and consumers over the environmental attributes of a product or service. However, by focusing on this information asymmetry, rather than on how the label meets consumer needs, eco-labels may send irrelevant, confusing, or even detrimental messages to consumers. In this article, the authors investigate how the environmental signal of eco-labels interacts with product (...) characteristics such as brand, quality, and price. In a discrete choice experiment, the authors examine consumer response to two similar eco-labels for wine, one associated with a quality reduction and the other not. The results show that respondents preferred both eco-labeled wines over otherwise identical conventional counterparts when the price was lower and the wine was from a lower quality region. However, they preferred conventional, more expensive wine from a high-quality region. This preference indicates that respondents not only obtain some warm glow value from eco-labeled wine but also possibly interpret eco-labeling as a signal of lower quality. This relationship held across both types of eco-labels, meaning that consumers did not understand the difference between them. This research contributes to the literature on information disclosure policies by highlighting important elements for effective eco-labels. These elements include consumer awareness and understanding of the eco-label, and consumer willingness to pay for an eco-labeled product. The results emphasize the need to create eco-labels that communicate clearly both the environmental attributes and the private benefits associated with them. (shrink)

This book completes medical care by adding the comprehensive humanistic perspectives and philosophy of medicine.

Purpose. To consider the uniqueness of Descartes’ way of interpreting poetry as a type of philosophizing that makes it possible to comprehend the metaphysical nature of man. Its implementation involves the consistent solution of the following tasks: a) understanding methodological changes in the philosophy of the 20th century in the process of actualization of anthropological interest; b) argumentation of the importance of poetic thinking for early Descartes in the process of addressing modern historians of philosophy and the thinker’s texts. Theoretical (...) basis. I rely on the conceptual positions of phenomenology, existentialism and hermeneutics. Originality. Finding of the study is that poetic thinking is the most authentic way of meaningful comprehension of the metaphysicity of man. The paper outlines the nature of the expression of this correlation in the philosophizing of the 20th-21th centuries and substantiates the thesis about the importance of the poetic principle for understanding the phenomenon of man in early works by Descartes. Conclusions. The paper examined the methodological shifts in anthropologically oriented philosophizing of the 20th-21th centuries and focused on the manifestations of related moments in the philosophical legacy of Descartes. The latter demonstrates the existence of a still underestimated version of interpreting the metaphysical foundations of human existence, the form of understanding of which is poetic thinking. It is a form of caring for the humane in man. (shrink)